clarithromycin

clarithromycin is a lipid of Polyketides (PK) class. Clarithromycin is associated with abnormalities such as Helicobacter Pylori Infection, Infection, Coinfection, Gastritis and Peptic Ulcer. The involved functions are known as Point Mutation, Increased Sensitivy, Bacterial resistance, urease activity and Mutation. Clarithromycin often locates in Blood, Gastric mucosa, Biopsy sample, Respiratory System and Entire gastrointestinal tract. The associated genes with clarithromycin are Genes, rRNA, rRNA Operon, Genome, HM13 gene and GDF15 gene. The related lipids are 9,11-linoleic acid, Steroids, Lysophosphatidylcholines, Lipopolysaccharides and 4-hydroxycholesterol. The related experimental models are Mouse Model, Knock-out and Experimental Pneumococcal Meningitis.

References related to functions published in Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.

PMID	Journal	Published Date	Author	Title
9527783	Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.	1998	Collins LA et al.	Green fluorescent protein reporter microplate assay for high-throughput screening of compounds against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
9517944	Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.	1998	Hafner R et al.	Tolerance and pharmacokinetic interactions of rifabutin and clarithromycin in human immunodeficiency virus-infected volunteers.
9517960	Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.	1998	Fattorini L et al.	Activities of isoniazid alone and in combination with other drugs against Mycobacterium avium infection in beige mice.
10223952	Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.	1999	Fish DN and Abraham E	Pharmacokinetics of a clarithromycin suspension administered via nasogastric tube to seriously ill patients.
9593146	Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.	1998	Carr RA et al.	Steady-state pharmacokinetics and electrocardiographic pharmacodynamics of clarithromycin and loratadine after individual or concomitant administration.
11181351	Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.	2001	Wang G et al.	Spontaneous mutations that confer antibiotic resistance in Helicobacter pylori.
11897613	Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.	2002	Ménard A et al.	PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism can also detect point mutation A2142C in the 23S rRNA gene, associated with Helicobacter pylori resistance to clarithromycin.
11302817	Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.	2001	van Doorn LJ et al.	Accurate prediction of macrolide resistance in Helicobacter pylori by a PCR line probe assay for detection of mutations in the 23S rRNA gene: multicenter validation study.
12121899	Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.	2002	Fong IW et al.	Influence of clarithromycin on early atherosclerotic lesions after Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in a rabbit model.
12234874	Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.	2002	Endo H et al.	Effects of clarithromycin and amoxicillin on gastric emptying in rats.
12821476	Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.	2003	van Zanten SJ et al.	Gastric transitional zones, areas where Helicobacter treatment fails: results of a treatment trial using the Sydney strain mouse model.
12709330	Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.	2003	Hardy RD et al.	Antimicrobial and immunologic activities of clarithromycin in a murine model of Mycoplasma pneumoniae-induced pneumonia.
12435674	Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.	2002	Fontana C et al.	New site of modification of 23S rRNA associated with clarithromycin resistance of Helicobacter pylori clinical isolates.
12435719	Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.	2002	Noreddin AM et al.	Pharmacodynamic modeling of clarithromycin against macrolide-resistant [PCR-positive mef(A) or erm(B)] Streptococcus pneumoniae simulating clinically achievable serum and epithelial lining fluid free-drug concentrations.
11120942	Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.	2001	Ichiyama T et al.	Clarithromycin inhibits NF-kappaB activation in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and pulmonary epithelial cells.
10991834	Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.	2000	Bermudez LE et al.	Clarithromycin-resistant mycobacterium avium is still susceptible to treatment with clarithromycin and is virulent in mice.
10898693	Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.	2000	Jordan MK et al.	Effects of fluconazole and clarithromycin on rifabutin and 25-O-desacetylrifabutin pharmacokinetics.
9756790	Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.	1998	Debets-Ossenkopp YJ et al.	Explaining the bias in the 23S rRNA gene mutations associated with clarithromycin resistance in clinical isolates of Helicobacter pylori.
9797242	Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.	1998	Horgen L et al.	Pulsed-exposure and postantibiotic leukocyte enhancement effects of amikacin, clarithromycin, clofazimine, and rifampin against intracellular Mycobacterium avium.
9660986	Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.	1998	Amsden GW et al.	Oral cimetidine prolongs clarithromycin absorption.
15328128	Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.	2004	Khan R et al.	T2182C mutation in 23S rRNA is associated with clarithromycin resistance in Helicobacter pylori isolates obtained in Bangladesh.
14693524	Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.	2004	Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ et al.	Immunomodulatory clarithromycin treatment of experimental sepsis and acute pyelonephritis caused by multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
20696880	Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.	2010	Parra-Ruiz J et al.	Activities of high-dose daptomycin, vancomycin, and moxifloxacin alone or in combination with clarithromycin or rifampin in a novel in vitro model of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm.
19414584	Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.	2009	Abduljalil K et al.	Modeling the autoinhibition of clarithromycin metabolism during repeated oral administration.
19949056	Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.	2010	Nakamura S et al.	Efficacy of clarithromycin against experimentally induced pneumonia caused by clarithromycin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae in mice.
20585115	Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.	2010	Alffenaar JW et al.	Pharmacokinetics of rifampin and clarithromycin in patients treated for Mycobacterium ulcerans infection.
22290969	Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.	2012	English ML et al.	Cethromycin versus clarithromycin for community-acquired pneumonia: comparative efficacy and safety outcomes from two double-blinded, randomized, parallel-group, multicenter, multinational noninferiority studies.
17606673	Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.	2007	Traunmüller F et al.	Pharmacokinetics of single- and multiple-dose oral clarithromycin in soft tissues determined by microdialysis.
18378709	Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.	2008	Greendyke R and Byrd TF	Differential antibiotic susceptibility of Mycobacterium abscessus variants in biofilms and macrophages compared to that of planktonic bacteria.
15793150	Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.	2005	Lee JH et al.	Impact of clarithromycin resistance on eradication of Helicobacter pylori in infected adults.
15561865	Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.	2004	Kim JM et al.	Distribution of antibiotic MICs for Helicobacter pylori strains over a 16-year period in patients from Seoul, South Korea.
16048933	Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.	2005	Mathis A et al.	Mitochondrial ribosome as the target for the macrolide antibiotic clarithromycin in the helminth Echinococcus multilocularis.
16048962	Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.	2005	Dai G et al.	Bactericidal and morphological effects of NE-2001, a novel synthetic agent directed against Helicobacter pylori.
15673794	Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.	2005	Burucoa C et al.	T2182C mutation is not associated with clarithromycin resistance in Helicobacter pylori.
15917564	Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.	2005	Kim YC et al.	Effect of CYP3A1(23) induction on clarithromycin pharmacokinetics in rats with diabetes mellitus.
16569825	Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.	2006	Dean NC et al.	Comparing gatifloxacin and clarithromycin in pneumonia symptom resolution and process of care.
16436754	Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.	2006	Leuthner KD et al.	Pulsatile delivery of clarithromycin alone or in combination with amoxicillin against Streptococcus pneumoniae.
16641444	Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.	2006	Shinkai M et al.	Clarithromycin delays progression of bronchial epithelial cells from G1 phase to S phase and delays cell growth via extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase suppression.
16801446	Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.	2006	Andini N and Nash KA	Intrinsic macrolide resistance of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex is inducible.
16127075	Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.	2005	Giacometti A et al.	In vitro activity and killing effect of uperin 3.6 against gram-positive cocci isolated from immunocompromised patients.
18606842	Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.	2008	Rimbara E et al.	Novel mutation in 23S rRNA that confers low-level resistance to clarithromycin in Helicobacter pylori.
18779356	Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.	2008	Cirioni O et al.	Efficacy of the combination of tachyplesin III and clarithromycin in rat models of Escherichia coli sepsis.
22564837	Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.	2012	Spyridaki A et al.	Effect of clarithromycin in inflammatory markers of patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia and sepsis caused by Gram-negative bacteria: results from a randomized clinical study.
23689722	Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.	2013	Bolhuis MS et al.	Clinical validation of the analysis of linezolid and clarithromycin in oral fluid of patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.
23545534	Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.	2013	Alhajlan M et al.	Efficacy and safety of liposomal clarithromycin and its effect on Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence factors.
24323473	Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.	2014	Phillips RO et al.	Clinical and bacteriological efficacy of rifampin-streptomycin combination for two weeks followed by rifampin and clarithromycin for six weeks for treatment of Mycobacterium ulcerans disease.